This article is about the biblical figure. For other uses, see Lucifer (disambiguation).
Lucifer (/ˈluːsɪfər/ or /ˈljuːsɪfər/) is the King James Version rendering of the Hebrew wordהֵילֵל in Isaiah 14:12. This word, transliterated hêlēl or heylel, occurs only once in the Hebrew Bible and according to the KJV-influenced Strong's Concordance means "shining one, morning star, Lucifer".[1] The word Lucifer is taken from the Latin Vulgate,[2] which translates הֵילֵל aslucifer,[3][4] meaning "the morning star, the planet Venus" (or, as an adjective, "light-bringing").[5] The Septuagint renders הֵילֵל in Greek as ἑωσφόρος[6][7][8][9][10](heōsphoros),[11][12][13] a name, literally "bringer of dawn", for the morning star.[14] (In spite of the unanimous testimony of published texts of the Septuagint, Kaufmann Kohler says that the Greek Septuagint translation is "Phosphoros".)[2]
Before the rise of Christianity, the pseudepigrapha of Enochic Judaism, the form of Judaism witnessed to in 1 Enoch and 2 Enoch, which enjoyed much popularity during the Second Temple period,[15] gave Satan an expanded role. They interpreted Isaiah 14:12-15 as applicable to Satan, and presented him as a fallen angel cast out of Heaven.[16] Christian tradition, influenced by this presentation,[16] came to use the Latin word for "morning star", lucifer, as a proper name ("Lucifer") for Satan as Satan was before his fall. As a result, "Lucifer has become a by-word for Satan in the Church and in popular literature",[2] as in Dante Alighieri's Inferno
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